Challenges for Professional Care of Advanced Dementia

Challenges for professional care of advanced dementia The research purpose of this study was clear, as it was intended to report on the challenges for health professionals in caring for people with advanced dementia living in long term care facilities. This study used a qualitative methodology based on action research. â€Å"Action research collects information from key stakeholders and provides ongoing feedback to participants, thereby facilitating change that improves practice. † (Chang et al. , 2009, p. 42). The essence of the study aimed to expose the challenges for key professional providers of care for people with advanced dementia. â€Å"Descriptions of these challenges provide professional carers and policy makers with insights into the unique needs of the person with advanced dementia†. (Chang et al. , 2009, p. 42) Participants were selected from professional providers in Australia from 2003-2006. All of the participants cared for patients with advanced dementia in their profession. They brought a comparative perspective to the success of the study. There were several focus groups compiled that included general practitioners, palliative care speciality staff, palliative care volunteer managers and volunteers, aged or dementia specialist health care professionals, and residential aged care facility staff. All participants were highly qualified with all having more than ten years experience in their field. The sample was non-random, interviewing 13 participants that were recruited from staff of 10 residential aged care facilities. There was a total of 20 in-depth interviews. Within the sample, five of them large high care facilities, two medium-sized high care (51-74 beds), one small high care (< 50 beds), one medium sized low care (hostel) facility and one small low care facility. The Director of Nurses nominated the the staff for the interviews. â€Å"The sampling was purposive, with expertise in palliative dementia care of the selection criterion†. (Chang et al. , 2009, p. 43) The data collection process was adequately described. It may have been beneficial with respect to gaining deeper personal insight, if the researchers had sought to answer more probing questions in the approach. The researchers used semi-structured questions with focus groups that lasted 1. 5-2 hours. The role of the researcher was to find question that were critiqued by an expert panel. The questions seemed to be based on pre-defined information given to the researcher agreed on by the panel. The information was gathered by interview questions in the focus groups. The uestions seemed to be based on pre-defined information given to the researcher agreed on by the focus groups. The ethical considerations of participants were followed using standard procedures and approved by area health service ethics review committee. Informed consents were used as well as anonymity of patients and participants. â€Å"The data analysis was by constant comparative method†. (Chang et al. , 2009, p. 43). They used five focus groups (total n = 24) and 20 follow-up individual interviews (Chang et al. , 2009, p. 41). The concepts collected were organized and compared with other ideas that emerged from the data. Regarding the background of the study, it was noted that there are many behavioural symptoms and comorbiditics associated with advanced dementia. In the last 12 months of life, it also was noted that many symptoms occur that need to be managed by decision makers such as family members. The researchers noted that during this time, the complex care decisions, such as whether to administer antibiotics and whether to place the patient in a facility or hospital are important decisions that must be validated. There are a number of other factors that could effect the study, yet were not addressed by the researchers. The catagories, themes and findings presented a whole picture and yielded a meaningful picture of the study by attesting to the complexity of caring for people with advanced dementia living in residential aged care facilities, and the challenges of professionals. Participants did agree that assessing a verbally non-communicative person is difficult. Physicians found that examining patients also was difficult. Skills deficit were noted. One-third of participants noted a reluctance to use appropriate amounts of analgesia regarding pain. There was a clear connection between the data and the participants regarding the management of dementia-related behaviors. The data collected did attest to the complexity of caring for patients with advanced dementia who reside in residential care facilities and the challenges that they bring to health care professionals. Researchers identified the philosophical and theoretical basis for the study. Educating aged care professionals about early palliation might improve care outcomes for residents†. Aged care staff need a strong rationale for their decisions. † (Chang et al. , 2009, p. 45) This study highlighted the challenges in meeting the demands of caring for patients with advanced dementia who reside in residential care facilities. The researchers found there was a number of factors that could effect the aged care of residents with advanced de mentia; however challenges will always remain. All of the participants found that is was very difficult to assess patients with advanced dementia. They found that these patients were unable to report symptoms such as pain and exhibited many different behavioral issues. There were study limitations regarding the sample size and the non-random sampling. The sample size was small and not representative of a population owing to that size. Other challenges and limitations may have been noted if different questions had been asked of the patients. In conclusion, the researchers found that it may be crucial to use continuity of care when caring for these patients. According to some of the participants, their lack of knowledge about palliative care was limited. This study did highlight the challenges that key professional care encounter when caring for patients with advanced dementia. Increase in education will provide a better understanding of the needs of patients with advanced dementia. Key professional will be able to initiate an appropriate care plan if the clinical progress of dementia is described.

Byzantine Christians Essay

Until the middle of the nineteenth century, historians and geographers in the European world held that history has a Locus. For them, pre-modern history began in the Bible Lands and it started moving westward and northward from western Asia into and across Western Europe. By 1492 the world scope of history was Eurasia. Only after 1492 did the world expand to include areas outside of Eurasia. For these historians, Africa, Oceania, the Americas, and part of Southeast Asia had no history until Europeans brought it to them in the sixteenth century and afterwards. These regions did not exist until discovered by Europeans. REVIEWING THE PAST: Pre-contact history of the Americas does not have the same level of conceptual reality of post-contact history. Only very few world historians seem to know o about the native traditions that existed in pre-Columbian America. The post-Columbian world is filled with abstract frameworks such as the ‘Slave Trade’, ‘Colonialism’ ’poverty’ , beginning with Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, ancient China and Egypt, the Assyrians and Persians, and ending with the Greeks, Romans and Byzantine Christians. American Indian civilizations, primarily those of the Aztecs and Incas, only form a backdrop to the post-conquest European themes of contact, settlement, and expansion. COLONIALISM: Throughout the contemporary world native and aboriginal peoples face disputes regarding their human rights, political participation, and claims to their ancestral economic resources where historical globalization began in the fifteenth century. Since then, colonialism and neocolonialism emerged in the global system. Natives and aboriginals were subjected to the worst side of the globalization process. We still can witness the legacy of such a development in the form of shabby leftovers. ECONOMY AND SLAVERY: Precious metals, commodities, and slave labor from the New World and Africa spurred the development of mercantile capitalism, the rise of the bourgeoisie, and the maturation of European absolutist states. These, in conjunction with encounters with different peoples, gave birth to a synergy of political ideologies and philosophical tools that propelled Europe to world domination. The invention of America involved the simultaneous invention of Europe as the â€Å"West. † conclusion: â€Å"The third-class people of the world have risen up and there is nothing we can do about it. † By the third-class citizens of the world are people outside white Europe and the United States. In 57 years as well, global interconnectedness has made itself ever more minutely felt through the communications revolution, the globalization of trade and production, and massive new migrations. Modernization analysis in the late 1950s began to take on a distinctive shape of its own. An intellectual transformation , a political transformation and a social transformation that mobilized human resources in an efficient way and engaged them in the process of modernization and globalization.

Research paper on metebolic syndrome Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research paper on metebolic syndrome - Article Example These include; hypertension, insulin resistance, central obesity, glucose intolerance, among other factors. This syndrome is significantly similar to a higher risk of diabetes mellitus type II and cardiovascular disease. According to Ricci-Cabello et al (2011), it has been found out metabolic syndrome prevalence is about 20% to 30% among adults worldwide. Patients with MetS have excess blood clotting and increased levels of blood substances; a sign of inflammation throughout the body. Several factors have led to increased incidences of metabolic syndrome, and they include: unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, obesity epidemic, and tobacco use. Several signs serve as indicators of metabolic syndrome and a victim may display several of them. Such as blood pressure exceeding 130/185 mmHg, fasting blood glucose equal or higher than 100mg/dl, large waist circumference (length around the waist) for men 40 inches or more, women 35 inches or more. Moreover, triglycerides levels may rise to 1 50mg/dl or more. The authors argue that the relationship between type 2 diabetes and dairy product intake is not clear. At the same time, the authors articulate that weny from milk appeared insulin tropic when taken in a single meal, but not when it is taken in a long term intervention. Several studies show that there are beneficial effects of milk intake in persons diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. However, a report by Lawlor DA showed that a person, who was not an ardent milk consume, exhibited lower prevalence of MS and insulin resistance. Also, one cross-sectional study reported that intake of milk was associated with high occurrence of the abdominal blood pressure, but not associated with blood glucose, lipid and body weight. The authors equally stated that foods containing protein provided a satiating effect that was dependent on the source, dose and the proteins definitive features. These include, gel strength and viscosity. Moreover, consumption

Process and production improvement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Process and production improvement - Essay Example Besides main course, DH kitchen offers a variety of desserts, salads, side orders, and ice creams along with plenty of beverages like tea, coffee, cardamom tea, and drinks. The increased number of food and cash counters has eased the difficulties of increased student body and caters significantly more people than before. However, there are many aspects of DH, which needs improvement. First, the temperature turns to discomforting degrees at times. Specifically during summers, it gets more suffocating with a huge number of people around and lesser ventilation. Second, the cash counters are located in one centre aisle, receiving people from five counters simultaneously. This results in huge crowd and delay leading to agonized public at both sides of the counter. In addition, DH has been one outlet, which is affordable for all classes: NOPs, janitors, middle-class, or elite rich, everyone can afford. However, the recent 25% increase in prices of all food items have led to great hues and cry in the entire student body whose parents are already fighting with inflation to pay for the expensive tuition of their children. In addition, the quality and taste of the food has always been a great debate at Harvard.

Workplace bullying in Japan as cultural phenomena Essay

Workplace bullying in Japan as cultural phenomena - Essay Example Workplace bullying is defined as repeated and health-threatening mistreatment that is humiliating, intimidating and threatening in a manner that interferes with full participation in work. The perpetrators desire to control the victim and bullies in the workplace select their victims and methods of bullying. Bullying at the workplace is a form of aggression and includes spreading of malicious rumours, gossip or physically attacking someone socially (Inceoglu, 2002). The topic is of great importance since bullying at workplace takes different forms such as undermining a person’s contribution at the workplace, threatening abuse, withholding necessary information, establishing unattainable deadlines, changing the work guidelines, intruding in to individual privacy, yelling, constant criticism, unwarranted punishments, assignment of unreasonable duties and tampering with individual personal belongings in order to intimidate the individual (McCarthy, 2001). Workplace bullying in Ja pan is a social problem that is linked to the current cultural phenomenon. Japanese culture is complex and multi-layered since it has been developing for the last a thousand years. Japanese people view the culture as a source of inspiration especially fashion, geisha traditional dancers and Samurai warriors wielding their two swords. Japanese business leaders perceive themselves as Samurai warriors and deal effectively with subordinates through bullying or issuing verbal commands that may be insulting. Social ranks and status in the society are clear and everyone is aware of each other’s age and status in the institution (Gordon, 1998). In some companies, the employees are issued with magazines that display the formal ages of each employee and ranking is used in various employment matters such as promotions, distribution of awards and recognition of superior performance (Jacobson, Hood & Buren, 2014, p 57). Japanese spontaneous sociability and nature of

Executive Briefing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Executive Briefing Paper - Essay Example Mentorship is not new to Burberry, although its experience is largely external, philanthropic, and along the line of corporate social responsibility. Presently, the Company is a corporate sponsor of IntoUniversity, a charity organisation dedicated to educating the youth through mentoring. Through its local learning centres, some of Burberry’s employees and managers are already dedicating time and effort as volunteers mentors and e-mentors, to Britain’s poor but deserving ‘young people [who] are inspired to learn’ (IntoUniversity, 2010). In 2011 alone, Burberry associates volunteered 5,500 hours of mentoring. For one particular Burberry associate, more than 200 young students were mentored globally in programmes ranging from three months to three years (Burberry Annual Report 2011/12, p. 64). Recent studies have highlighted the use of internal mentoring, as a technique to improve performance and enhance competitiveness. It is believed that by adopting intern al mentoring, the firm will benefit competitively. II. Proposition This paper proposes that Burberry engage in internal mentoring throughout the organisation until the highest levels, in order to enhance its competitiveness. Mentoring is seen as a tool not only for implementing social development programs external to the firm, but is also perceived as an effective instrument in pursuing the company’s strategic goal of remaining competitive. The viability of mentoring in Burberry will be discussed. III. Theoretical background Mentoring is ‘an intense and complex relationship where the mentor plays the role of peer and parent’ and functions as ‘teacher, advisor, sponsor, and friend’ (Ehrich & Hansford, 1999, p.93). Academic literature states that mentoring improves individual behaviour and performance, particularly in the training and encouragement of the young. However, the impact of mentoring on firm behaviour and outcomes has not been established, p articularly in the highest policy levels. Offstein, Shah and Gnyawali (2011) propose a model whereby the board of directors (BOD) mentors the chief executive officer (CEO), for the purpose of improving the CEO’s ability and motivation to ‘competitively engage the firm’ (p. 75). In the diagram that follows, the mentoring role of the BOD is depicted in terms of sponsorship, protection, and coaching or counselling. By providing legitimacy, a proper sense of discretion and risk-taking, and knowledge and learning, the mentoring exercise is expected to lead towards a greater firm competitiveness. Competitive behaviour is defined by their magnitude and complexity. Source: Offstein, Shah and Gnyawali, 2011, p. 80 According to the theory by Offstein, et al. (2011), competitive actions are ‘purposefully directed, specific, and observable.’ The model adheres to the principle that companies that undertake bold and complex competitive actions benefit as a result, because such actions disturb the status quo and establish new rules by which the competitive stage is reset. According to Schumpeter (1934) in his seminal study, first mover advantage (i.e., the advantage of being the first firm to undertake an innovation that defines a new competitive environment) generates abnormally high profits, until such time as other firms catch up and themselves pursue innovative actions in an effort to overcome the market leader. From the executive levels, mentoring by CEO to his division heads, and from them to the

Introduce your research topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduce your research topic - Essay Example The first element is a state of human mind that is beyond that of other animals and this means consideration of happiness must go beyond what animals can feel. A consistent attitude over a long period and that is strong enough to overcome challenges is another element of happiness and this disqualifies short-term pleasures from being categorized as happiness. The long-term attitude must further be of satisfaction with a person’s environment and embedded in the person’s mind. The definition identifies significance of factors that influence a person’s attitude to happiness of the role of mediator factors on effects of the primary factors on a person’s level of happiness. An understanding of the actual definitions of spirituality and religion is therefore important for investigating and explaining possible effects of the two factors on happiness. Spirituality is the aspect of a person’s inner being and how the person relate to his or her environment. It has been associated with such concepts as morality, holiness, and sanctity (Young and Koopsen 9, 10). Religion is, however, the practical manifestation of spirituality and is often visible through such aspects as culture and behavior. It is a social characteristic, unlike spirituality that is an individual trait and may be embedded too deep to be perceived from an outward look (Young and Koopsen 89, 90). The two however defines an individual’s personality, the individual’s interaction with the environment, and are therefore important in a person’s attitude towards contentment with the environment. A person’s moral conscience, an element of spirituality that can be manifested in behavior, can therefore define the individual’s value for other people in an environment and the people’s possessions. An understanding that spirit cont rols forces in an individual’s environment and that it is not an individual’s responsibility to

Improving Corporate Governance in Saudi Arabia Essay

Improving Corporate Governance in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The key theme in cooperate governance is the nature and the extent of accountability of individuals in the banking sector, and the tactics they use to suppress principal-agent problem2. Background Information Saudi Arabia is the 2nd largest state in the western Asia in relation to the area. It is also the second largest Arab world after Algeria3. The state has a large economy in reference to other nations in the region with a GDP of over US$450 billion. It has the capability to maintain its economy, with sustained economy4. Saudi’s banks are among the leading banks in the GCC banking sector. Their average annual return is between 14% and 31%. This is as a result of a favorable banking environment prevailing in the region. In the recent years, banks analysts in the regions propose the use of Basel II as it will impact the growth and development of the industry. However, the banking sector has different challenges regarding to governance and transparency. This calls for amendmen ts of the structure of banking governance of the banking sector as this will impact on the growth, and development of the banking industry5. Research question The proposal gives possible solution in Saudi’s banking system, as it has reluctant corporate banking principles. The sector is deteriorating, as a result of reluctance on the part of the law bodies, leading to neglect of some key principles in banking world. This is evident from the fact that board members are engaging in activities, which compromise their role. Shareholders have not been playing their roles because they have been taken up by the management. This calls for change to enhance growth in the sector. Research Objectives The proposal aims at giving suggestions, which will improve corporate banking in Saudi Arabia. This will impact the growth and development of the sector as it will attract investors both locally and internationally. The changes will motivate shareholder as they will trust the board members a nd the management at large. Methodology Corporate governance is an international issue; it calls for ideas from all areas of study. The proposal recommends the incorporation of both qualitative and qualitative research methodologies to enhance the reliability of the results. Detailed research is also significant. Empirical studies will also enhance in designing the most appropriate model of dealing with banking corporate governance in Saudi. Such research includes debates on the same issues in different nations, changes adopted by other nations, as well as, suggestions from bank analysts. Below are some of the areas targets, in the process of changing corporate banking governance. 1. Principles of banking corporate governance It is advisable for the banking sector to adopt the suggestion put forward in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002-2003 in USA, Cadbury Report of 1992 in UK, and the principles of Corporate Governance of 1998-2004 (OECD). 2. Corporate governance guidance in reference to Asian Policy Brief These are important guidelines put across to ensure that banking in Asia get to another level. It entails different suggestions which will impact on changing corporate governance in Saudi Arabia. 3. Banks’ board and management should perform their duty in relation to their fiduciary duty This entails the duty of care. The board together with the management should ensure that they respect that duty. They should be keen on ensuring

The Making of Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Making of Australia - Essay Example Generally, the voyage from Britain to Australia lasted eight months, two of which were spent in various ports awaiting repairs and supplies (Inglis, p. 6). The voyage took its toll on the convicts, many of whom perished on the way. One of the voyages of the Second Fleet was especially dangerous: from Britain to Australia, 26% of the prisoners had died, and 488 others had dysentery, scurvy, or other infectious diseases (O'Brien, p. 168). It was a regular occurrence for convicts on ships to be seen "lying, some half and others nearly naked, without either a bed or bedding, unable to turn or help themselves" (O'Brien, p. 169). Ironically, many convicts who survived the voyage to Australia often fainted when they arrived and came into contact with the fresh air, only to die in the hospitals for prisoners, which provided slipshod medical treatment at best. In our own time, rehabilitation is often seen as the key to change convict behavior for return to society. In the era of penal colonies in Australia, though, punishment was used as the primary modifier of behavior. The most common method of punishment was flogging. The tradition of "punchgut" grew out of the practice of flogging a prisoner and then leaving him in the harbor to get extremely hungry (Inglis, p. 6). Punishment was not only reserved for prisoners who had committed crimes or offenses; instead, a convict's fate in Australia depended largely upon how "docile he was and on many things over which he had no control" (Inglis, p. 8). In New South Wales, "between 1833 and 1836, one male convict in every four was flogged each year, receiving an average of more than forty lashes" (Inglis, p. 8). More serious crimes could result in hanging; these crimes generally involved the murder of another inmate, or of prison personnel. Murder among the convicts was common, as knives became a popular way to gain revenge for thefts (Lagrange, p. 180). The guillotine was another popular method of execution, and it was common for executed prisoners to have their headless bodies rowed out to sea and dropped into the ocean, where the sharks would eat the corpse; in fact, this became known as the "standard form of burial of a convict" (Lagrange, p. 180). Punishment was how the convicts were kept as docile as possible in the colonies. There are some who argue that the convicts had a life similar to slaves in some of the crueler systems. However, there are others that argue that the convicts were not sent to Australia arbitrarily; rather, the convicts had to have committed a crime to be sent on the long voyage halfway around the world. Clearly, in the last century and a half, sensibilities about the proper treatment of prisoners have changed dramatically, and it is now only those societies that are considered backward or uncivilized that have such cruel prison conditions. Moreton Bay was selected as a site for those convicted of the most heinous crimes, and so the harshest conditions were reserved for these prisoners. The physical discipline went to new

Reading response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Reading response - Assignment Example The pictures tell without words the journey he went through in his administration as the president. Per se, the images support the viewpoint that the history will look back and determine what could have been done better. The images also tend to describe certain mistakes that were made in a better and accepted manner than words. For example, the image where the words ‘mission accomplished’ did not convey the actual message that was intended. Consequently, it depicts the mistakes done during his leadership but offers a room for correction in the future (Ammon, Bette & Gale 50). Most of the images and photographs serve a greater purpose creating an identity of who we are and always reminding us of what we are supposed to be. The images also depict how we are perceived (Ammon, Bette & Gale 51). The images indicate that president bush had his way of doing things. President Bush always did what he thought was right and honorable. In conclusion, the images show that everyone is entitled to have or express his or her opinion in the United

The Michelin Man Essay Example for Free

The Michelin Man Essay The Michelin Man goes to show that Michelin tires are either longer lasting than other brands or it can mean that you as a consumer get to grow old literally because all this time, you were able to avoid accidents using the said brand of tires. The Michelin man can also mean that given the demographics of America’s population, wherein the dominant age bracket belongs to the ages between 18 years old and over, constituting 227,719,000 as of 2007. Looking at Michelin USA’s present website, Â  one can get an exact answer with regards to the evolution of the Michelin Man, the website states that the Michelin Man was evolving given the period and current tire innovations so as to always remain in phase with his time. The slogan on the other hand, is pretty much timeless, so there seems to be no need, in the part of the company, to change it. The 2009 BMW M3 has been issued a recall last November 14, 2008 specifically the ones with an optional double clutch transmission. The problem occurs when the vehicle enters a situation of rapid vehicle deceleration; the transmission software has a chance of performing a multistage downshift, causing the engine to stall and increases the risk of a crash. The proposed solution will be the reprogramming of the engine and transmission electronic control unit with updates on the software, free of charge. I am not aware of this recall, due to the fact that it was not pretty much made as public as other problems, but if given the resources, and the fix can be done in a short amount of time, I will still get myself a 2009 M3 because I myself know for a fact that BMW is fast in fixing vehicles that suffer recalls, plus the BMW brand seldom suffers long lasting problems due to their dedication in giving the best to their customers. Bibliography Michelin USA. The Michelin Man: the living tire. Michelin. Retrieved March 23, 2009, from http://www.michelin.com/corporate/front/templates/affich.jsp?codeRubrique=99lang=EN United States Census. Resident population by age and sex: 1980 to 2007. Census. Retrieved March 23, 2009, from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/tables/09s0007.pdf Motor Trend. 2009 BMW M3 recalls. Motor Trend. Retrieved March 23, 2009, from http://www.motortrend.com/cars/2009/bmw/m3/recalls/index.html

Citizenship Activity Log Essay Example for Free

Citizenship Activity Log Essay As a group we decided on possible ideas and we came to a conclusion of having an aim. We aim to raise basic drug awareness amongst the teenage society in our school. We want to achieve this aim by sticking up posters around the school. These posters need to be informative and eye-catching so the message can be spread effectively.  Discuss with Mrs Walton   As a group we plan to discuss our final conclusion to gain constructive feedback, to improve our general idea. We plan to put the feedback into action to produce Checking with Maiden Erlegh School   Me and David spoke to Mr. Attridge (Head of Year) about leaving earlier than usual on the day of our activity so that we will be able to teach our lesson at the right time. He told us that we needed a letter from one of our parents so that we would be able to do this. Therefore Davids mother wrote a letter to Mr. Attridge about this issue. This relates to the importance of communicating well with colleagues and bosses to be able to achieve our target. Speak to Mrs. Walton   After giving a parents letter to our school, we were told to see Mrs. Walton (Head of Citizenship) so that she would tell us what we needed to do next to be able to have permission from school for leaving early on the day of our activity. Mrs. Walton informed us that the final step was to get a letter from our parents confirming permission to be able to leave school earlier. Then she told us that we should hand it in so that the school would be able to give us permission for our activity day. This step was important because it shows that it is crucial to have written permission evidence of events in the future in order to carry it out. This influences citizenship issues such as being a responsible citizen and being able to provide enough information for work places. Research on internet   In my own time, I researched different health and fitness exercises to perform with the class in our activity. I kept the document so that I would be able to learn and use it for our event. Researching is important due to that it provides you with valuable information and sources relating to the subject.  Meeting, what we have done and future   Me and David had a meeting where we discussed what we have done so far, and what we are going to do in the future. I explained and showed the researches which I did and we talked about what we were going to do after. We realised that we still had to confirm an exact date of our event and get the permission letters from our parents. Group meetings influence ideas and improve plans towards the future. It is important because you have to gather what you have done and discuss it with your colleague or partner.

Trade Barriers and Restrictions in Malaysia

Trade Barriers and Restrictions in Malaysia Introduction Every nations and regions have its trade barriers and restriction including Malaysia as well. Trade barriers are the restrictions set by government on international trade and national trade. For instance, customs duties, import and export taxes, import licenses, export licenses, subsidies, import quota, trade restriction, and etc. The purpose of having trade barriers and restriction instead of free trade system basically is because government need to control the cost of goods and services trading in and out the country. Governance over the goods and services price are critical due to it will strongly affect the specific nation’s economic efficiency such as gross domestic production index, in serious issue may affect depreciation on the nation’s monetary currency and eventually lead to bankruptcy. Besides, reducing the trade barriers and restrictions would have an absolute advantage which is increase market opportunities and foreign investment allowed to improve the econ omic growth. Malaysia is a founding member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1957 until today, through active participations in WTO negotiations, Malaysia continues to ensure that trade regulations and trade measure that are negotiated are fair and provide the flexibility for Malaysia to continue its development policy. As refer to WTO’s trade policy review report Malaysia’s edition year 2014, Malaysia’s trade policy is focused to become a self-reliant and industrialized nation by year 2020. Various new trade-related laws have entered into force: the Quarantine and Inspection Service Act, the Strategic Trade Act, the Competition Act, and the Price Control and Anti-profiteering Act. Besides, Malaysia has signed and ratified the Trade Preferential System of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (TPS-OIC) and the Developing Eight Preferential Tariff Arrangement (D8-PTA). In Malaysia, import prohibitions and restrictions are mostly for national security, religious and environmental reasons. For instance, prohibition import on drugs and firearms, imposed high taxes on tobacco and alcohol products. Export taxes or restrictions are also applied on certain goods such as timber and crude palm oil which to discourage exports due to prevent exploitation and product availability concerns. Export and import licensing and/or permit must obtain from assigned body which can be non-government or government agencies. For instance, all goods from Israel or to Israel must have special permit from government body to proceed. Other than licensing, the Halal standards requirement is important for doing business in Malaysia due to Malaysia is a Muslim dominant country. All meat, processed meat products, poultry, and egg products, domestically produced or imported, must receive halal certified from the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) or any foreign halal certified body recognized by JAKIM prior to importation or distribution in Malaysia. JAKIM recognizes the qualified Islamic organization in the exporting country/economy for monitoring the halal process in the slaughterhouse and issuing halal certificates for products exported to Malaysia. Are trade barriers or restrictions always justified? Based on some of the case in Malaysia, we know that the trade barriers or restriction is justified. This case can be seen in services barriers which is in telecommunication service. The market of telecommunication in Malaysia have been regulated by the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC), pursuant to the Broadcasting Act of 1998. However, Telekom Malaysia on the provision of fixed-line and cellular services was abolished in 1994 with the licensing of several competitor but the company have still remained the dominant provider of fixed-line services which estimated 90% of share in the market. In the year of 2005, the market of fixed-line have declining with 17 telephones for every 100 people. However, the cellular services have continued growth rapidly. At last, Telekom Malaysia is one of the leading mobile operators and has shifted the bulk of the company revenue base from fixed to mobile services. Telekom Mal aysia have been awarded third-generation (3G) spectrum licences. Once there is more people using cellular services, it will help in increase of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and will help the economics of the Malaysia to be growth. At last, Malaysia have approved the licence to Telekom Malaysia. Other than that, Malaysian requirement for the licensing and operation of direct selling. However, the direct selling company must include 30% of Bumiputera equity. In addition, Malaysian government have approved a new guidelines on Foreign Participation in the Distributive Trade Services which is amended the 1995 guidelines. This is where the foreign distributor or operators of hypermarket must have 30% of their shareholding allocated to bumiputera partners. It is also new reported that have been confirmed that the government is considering imposing minimum stock requirement which need 30% of all goods on shelves must be from Bumiputera companies. This is because retail is the biggest contributor to Gross National Income among the 12 National key. This have shown that the economics of Malaysia have contributing RM100.6 billion in 2010 and RM114.4 billion in 2011. Therefore, this have shown that the economics of Malaysian have increase of having foreign distributor in Malaysia. The f oreign distributor in Malaysia such as Carrefour (France), Tesco (UK), Giant (Hong Kong, China), and Makro (Netherlands). Nevertheless, the insurance industry have remain dominated by the foreign providers which particular in life insurance. In the insurance industry, the Financial Sector Master Plan have been recommended in phased of liberalisation which including increasing caps on foreign equity, reinsurance industry have fully open to foreign competitors, and lifting restriction on employment of expatriate specialists. The 15 foreign firm that are active in Malaysia have hold about 40% of the equity and 50% of the assets in the market. This is because they dominate the fast-growing life insurance market. As in part of the 1997 WTO Financial Services Agreement, the existing foreign shareholders who have the original owner of locally corporate insurance have been agreed by Malaysia to increase their shareholding to 51%.However, the new entry by foreign companies and aggregate foreign shareholding may not exceed 30% although this limit has been subject to negotiation. The leading foreign insurance comp any in Malaysia such as Great Eastern Life Assurance (Singapore), American International Assurance (United States), and ING Insurance (Netherlands). Other significant firms include Kurnia and Hong Leong (both of Malaysia), Allianz (Germany), and Prudential Assurance (United Kingdom). In conclusion, trade barrier and restriction of a country was based on itself a country statement set up the compliance condition upon the country variety issues by the government for protection and prevented to the conflict between people to people, people to business, business to business and business to government due to each of social unfairness and disrespect even unethical issues. The domestic barriers and restrict of issues derive social living such s race, religion, demography ratio allocation, ethics issues, and also balance of human living. For instance, all the Malaysia distributes channel cannot distribute those non-halal basic need food and product to Islamic store. This is an understanding of restriction of Islamic faith and also in respect of other religion belonging. Therefore, in the lives of the society, the government has to set up the rules and regulation which is trade barriers and restriction by according to variability issues of society in order to guide the so ciety harmony and peaceful lives. Moreover, in sight of Malaysia’s international foreign trade by through import and export. The country trade condition has set up according to Malaysia business scale and social development are such as issues related to economic development, restrict the tendency of business corruption, cheating on workmanship and material and licensing and certificate of the product. The trade restriction of a country is important guide the import and export process make sure its security and transparent follows with criteria of international trade policy. Therefore, the Malaysia government enforce in the controlling of supervising in the import and export process. Otherwise, it is also related to GDP and GNP economy condition where it is the import and export can be affect the GDP and GNP status. For instance, when import is higher than last year outcome, it may cause the GDP decline, but reverse of when the import has lower than last year outcome, it might lead the good signings in the GDP because the local production and domestic consumption have strongly signified the economy is on track and healthy economies. Besides that, for an example of GNP, when the GNP is higher that mean of foreign capacity investment at the local is popular and being invested by foreign by enforce development a part of the economy. This is good status it means the country has been rapidly developing to the next level of another international development country. Contrary, when the GNP is lower that means the foreign capacity investment is lower and its unable to lead the economy surfing on country development. Therefore, the government has measured the trade restri ction and barriers controlling economy of the Malays in order to lead the economy in balance allocation and stability to growth. In Malaysia, the mobile sector is known as one of the fastest growing sectors within the telecommunications industry. According to the star newspaper, smart phones penetration in Malaysia has increase from 47% in year 2012 to 63% in 2014. Results shows that penetrations on smart phones has highly support the growth of mobile telecommunication sector. Telekom Malaysia’s data and broadband services is their key driver for growth, as mentioned in Malaysian Economic Outlook 2014, Malaysian Institute of Economic Research (MIER) 2014 GDP growth outlook of 5.5% with expected measures to rein in the budget deficit, tighter monetary conditions and enhanced downside risk. In order to satisfy the demand of bandwidth, more quality broadband services packaged are to be offered as well as the proliferation of smart devices and usage of applications. On the other hand, providing mobility solutions is also important from a customer experience. Telekom Malaysia will need to improve their servi ces to meet the expectation of business segment users as their brand promise of â€Å"Life and Business Made Easier†. Retail from foreign country may have increase the economy of Malaysia. However, the equity of 30% Bumiputera share is not good enough. As other race of Malaysian are also contributing to the country’s economy, government of Malaysia should include the consideration of increasing the equity to 30% and above which includes Malaysians not counting races. This is because by giving the same chances to other citizens of Malaysia will increase the number of talents and experts. There are many well-known professionals choose to get out of Malaysia because of not having the equal opportunity as bumiputera to expand their business in retail sector. In other words, it will provide more job opportunity for Malaysians. Other than that, by having more retails from foreign country will increase the price of imported products when tariff is charged, as trade barriers forces consumers to pay more when import items are taxed. By promoting entrepreneur or starting own business locally will provi de more selections to the economy as they will be an increase of GDP and having more jobs opportunity will boost the GNI. As there are too many insurance company that is dominant by foreign providers. Malaysia can encourage more local company to build up insurance company. At the same time, local insurance company such as Hong Leong. They can look into creating more variety of insurance packages other than life insurance. This enables the options to be open. Government of Malaysia can also promotes more about insurance to create awareness. As there are many in the society these days does not aware of the importance of insurance in terms of emergency needs. For instance if one admitted into hospital after a major accident or an unexpected medical emergency, one may not need to have a second thought about paying the large some of bills as the healthcare expenses today is relatively high. Besides that, for a country to increase GDP and increase of economy growth if the quality of human capital is improved by education. Therefore, Malaysia should aim to increase the quality of its workforce by increasing educational and vocational training opportunities and retraining those who need to take up work in new industries. Improvements in physical infrastructure and the level of technology in use also are contributors to growth. Hence, having the improvement of education we will increase the quality of work produce and it will be beneficial to the economy in Malaysia. In addition to this, the institutional infrastructure of the country in areas such as law, banking and government institutions is essential to GDP growth. An enlightened immigration policy that attracts highly trained personnel from abroad may increase the quality of the country’s workforce. Where more skilled people may be brought into the workforce, either by policies to reduce unemployment, immigration or population growth combined with adequate education, GNP growth may be encouraged.

Beauty, Biology, and Society Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Beauty, Biology, and Society What is beauty? How do human beings decide who is attractive and who is not? Society is full of messages telling us what is beautiful, but what are those definitions based on? Do we consciously decide whom we are attracted to, or is biology somehow involved? The issue of beauty and how we define it has been studied for centuries. Scholars from all fields of study have searched for the "formula" for beauty. Darwin in his book The Descent of Man wrote, "It is certainly not true that there is in the mind of man any universal standard of beauty with respect to the human body. It is however, possible that certain tastes in the course of time become inherited, though I have no evidence in favor of this belief." (1) Science has tried to look at beauty beyond the conscious level. It has tried to determine what roles biology plays in human attraction. Scientists have discovered that symmetry and scent play a role in defining human attraction. (3) But while this can begin to explain beauty on the most basic of levels, what accounts for variations in the standard of beauty? The idea of beauty varies within different societies and communities. Do these cultural preferences have a biological basis? What is the relationship between biology and society in relation to the idea of beauty? How do they relate to each other, and how do they differ? In particular what role does science play in the preference that many societies, (in particular South Asian, East Asian, and North American Cultures), have for fairer skin? Beauty is experienced through visual stimuli. The human being's intake of beauty is through both conscious and unconscious decisions. (4) (4) The question is what motivates our unconscious decisions... ...t/html/astrid/femphers.html 3) Evolutionary Psychology of Sexual Attraction https://cognet.mit.edu/login/?return_url=%2Flibrary%2Ferefs%2Fmitecs%2Fthornhill.html 4) The Biological Purpose of Beauty http://www.beautyworlds.com/beautybiological.htm 5) The Role of Afrocentric Features in Person Perception: Judging by Features and Categories , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology http://www.colorado.edu/~iblair/Blar_features.pdf 6) When Black Isn't Beautiful, , The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,3899316,00.html 7) What's In a Colour?. http://www.peak.sfu.ca/the-peak/98-2/issue1/colourbar.html1/ 8) The Colour Bar of Beauty http://www.peak.sfu.ca/the-peak/98-2/issue1/colourbar.html1/ 9) Races and Racism http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro02/web2/)%20http://www.geocities.com/pak_history/racism.html

Old Testament Vs. Hellenic Divine Intervention :: essays research papers

Old Testament vs. Hellenic Divine Intervention The Old Testament and Hellenic texts we have studied have numerous examples of divine intervention. The range and complexity in human affairs that these interventions occur have similar, yet different attributes. Both texts describe divine intervention as a way of explaining "why things happen(ed) and being "chosen" by God or gods to fulfill a destiny. Both also see divine intervention as something that can not be understood by humans; God or the gods have their reasons why people are "chosen" and why certain gifts, events, and catastrophes happen and we will never understand the reasoning. Differences in the texts stem from the reasons they are the same; why certain people are chosen, why events happen, etc. The range and complexity in human affairs of divine intervention as described in the Hellenic texts and the Old Testament are similar because of the interference in human affairs, yet they are different because of why certain people are chosen to fulfill a destiny. For instance, in the Old Testament, God chooses Noah and his family to be the only survivors after the flood that wipes out the earth. His destiny was to build the ark and take a pair of every living creature to help repopulate the earth after everything is wiped out. This is similar to Oedipus at Colonus, in the Hellenic texts, because the gods choose Oedipus to save the city of Colonus from his own sons. They differ because God, in the Old Testament, chooses rather blindly. He does not choose people for any reason except that is who He wanted. If He does choose, it is based on goodness or loyalty to Him. The gods of Hellenic texts, like in Oedipus at Colonus, the gods choose Oedipus because of his wisdom and his family line. The Hellenic texts choose based on prestige, family, and honor. Another example of this is the story "Joseph" in the Old Testament. Joseph was chosen to be a powerful ruler in Egypt for no reason whatsoever, just because God wanted him to be. In The Illiad, this would never happen, Achilles is chosen to defeat Hector because of his prestige, honor, and family line. Achilles is not chosen because Zeus just wanted him to. Not just anybody could have killed Hector, it had to be someone famous. In the Old Testament, divine intervention, especially in "Genesis," plays a very important part. For example, in "The Creation of the Universe," God wills everything into being. "God said, ‘Let there be light,'" (Genesis 1:5) "Then God said, ‘Let the earth produce growing things,'" (Genesis 1:11)